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Κυριακή 13 Ιουνίου 2010

Ιστορία της Πρέβεζας

Φαίνεται ότι η Πρέβεζα διαδέχτηκε σε σημασία τη Νικόπολη που περιέπεσε σε μαρασμό και εγκατάλειψη από τα μέσα του 11ου αιώνα μ.χ. και εξής της οποίας αρχικά υπήρξε το επίνειο. Ο Π.Φουρίκης περιέγραψε την εξέλιξη της Πρέβεζας ως εξής :σταθμός εμπορικός σταθμός(σκάλα)-συνοικισμός-χωρίδιον-χωρίον-κώμη-κωμόπολις.

Οι τρεις πιο ευρύτερα παραδεκτές απόψεις για την ετοιμολογία της ονομασίας ''Πρέβεζα'' είναι:πρώτον αυτή περί σλαβικής προέλευσης της λέξης από το Perevoz(=πέρασμα, διάβαση),
δεύτερον ,η περί αλβανικής προέλευσης από το Preveze/a(=μεταφορά ,διαμετακόμιση) και τρίτον,η περί  ιταλικής προέλευσης από το Prevesione(=προμήθεια).

Η πρώτη σαφής αναφορά στο όνομα Πρέβεζα,γίνεται στην ελληνική παραλλαγή του Χρονικού του Μορέως,όπου στην εξιστόρηση των γεγονότων του έτους 1292,αναφέρεται ότι εξήντα (ή σαράντα,σύμφωνα με άλλη παραλλαγή του χρονικού) γεννοφάσκια πλοία,συμμαχικά του Βυζαντινού αυτοκράτορα Ανδρόνικου Β' Παλαιολόγου,έκαναν απόβαση στο "λιμιώνα" της Πρέβεζας,όπου για δέκα μέρες έλαβε χώρα "κούρσας" της περιοχής.Στη γαλλική διασκευή του Χρονικού του Μέρους ο "λιμιώνας" ονομάζεται "Port de Saint Nicolas de Tort" (Λιμάνι του Αγίου Νικολάου του Κάστρου, ή Πύργου),ενώ η πόλη αναφέρεται να προϋπάρχει του 1292"Vieile Cite de la Prevasse"(=η παλιά πόλη της Πρέβεζας),στοιχεία αποδεικτικά ότι  ο συνοικισμός της Πρέβεζας θα πρέπει να υπήρχε τουλάχιστον εκατό χρόνια πριν, δηλαδή από τα τέλη του 12ου, αρχές του 13ου αιώνα μ.Χ.
 
Από το 1292 ως τα μέσα περίπου του 15ου αιώνα οι αναφορές στην Πρέβεζα είναι ελάχιστες.Σύμφωνα με ορισμένα ανώνυμα βυζαντινά βραχέα χρονιάρη Πρέβεζα κατακτήθηκε από τους Οθωμανούς το 1477/78 επί Μωάμεθ Β' του Πορθητή και οχυρώθηκε δύο φορές,επί Βαγιαζήτ Β',το 1486/87,και το 1495.Η δεύτερη οχύρωση έγινε στα πλαίσια της αμυντικής ετοιμασίας των Οθωμανών ενάντια στα κατακτητικά σχέδια του Καρόλου Η' της Γαλλίας,στη Ν.Α.Μεσόγειο,που όμως δεν πραγματοποιήθηκαν.

Το 1500 επιχειρήθηκε η κατάκτηση της Πρέβεζας από τον Ενετό ναύαρχο Πέζαρο,με οκτώ γαλέρες,που δεν είχε όμως αποτέλεσμα,παρά μόνο τη λεηλασία της πόλης και την πυρπόληση του Τουρκικού ναύσταθμου,από όπου ο Πέζαρο απήγαγε το ναυλοχούμε Οθωμανικό στολίσκο των είκοσι κατέργων.Το 1530,επι Σουλεϊμάν του Μεγαλοπρεπή,επανοχυρώθηκε το κάστρο της Πρέβεζας (Μπούκας)και η πόλη έμεινε σε Οθωμανικά χέρια μέχρι το 1684.Το σπουδαιότερο γεγονός αυτής της περιόδου για την ιστορία της περιοχής υπήρξε η περίφημη ναυμαχία της Πρέβεζας,το Σεπτέμβριο του 1538,κατα την οποία ο περιβόητος ναύαρχος Χαίρονταν πασάς Βαρβαρόσσα,καταναυμάχησε το συνασπισμένο δυτικό στόλο του αυτοκράτορα Καρόλου Ε',του πάπα Παύλου Γ' και των Ενετών,υπό το φημισμένο Γενουάτη Condottiere Αντρέ Ντόρτια.
 
Στις 29 Σεπτεμβρίου του 1684 η Πρέβεζα,έπεσε στα χέρια των Ενετών, όταν το φρούριό της κατελήφθη από τον Ενετό ναύαρχο Φρανσίσκο Μοροζίνι,ο οποίος διέταξε να μεταβληθεί το κυριότερο τζαμί της πόλης σε εκκλησία του Αρχάγγελου Μιχαήλ.
 
Η Ενετική αυτή κατοχή κράτησε μέχρι το 1701,οπότε ,σύμφωνα με τους όρους της Συνθήκης του Κάρλοβιτς(Ιανουάριος 1699), η Πρέβεζα παραχωρήθηκε στους Τούρκους, αφού πρώτα κατεδαφίστηκε το ισχυρότατο κάστρο της Μπούκας.Οι Τούρκοι,στη σύντομη κατοχή της Πρέβεζας(1701-1717), οχύρωσαν πρόχειρα την πόλη με νέο κάστρο,βορειότερα του κατεδαφισμένου κάστρου της Μπούκας.
Το 1717,ο Ενετός φρούραρχος της Κέρκυρας 

Σούλλενμπουργκ,κυρίευσε την Πρέβεζα και άρχισε τότε η μεγαλύτερη Ενετική κατοχή της Πρέβεζας, που κράτησε μέχρι την κατάλυση της Ενετικής Δημοκρατίας, το 1797.Η διοίκηση της πόλης στο διάστημα αυτό γίνονταν με το Ενετικό σύστημα των προνοητών(proveditori),που παρείχε σχετική αυτονομία. Η Πρέβεζα ήταν τότε διαιρεμένη σε οκτώ κλήρους, με τις αντίστοιχες ενορίες και ενοριακούς ναούς και ήταν επίσης η πρωτεύουσα των Ηπειρωτικών κτήσεων των Ενετών(Continente).
 
Με τη συνθήκη του Καρποφόροι του 1797, η Πρέβεζα προσαρτήθηκε από το Ναπολέοντα,που έστειλε αντιπροσώπους του τους επιφανείς Έλληνες της Κορσικής, αδελφούς Στεφανόπολι.
Η Γαλλική κατοχή κράτησε μόνο ένα χρόνο, γιατί τον Οκτώβριο του 1798, ο Αλή Πασάς, μετά την μάχη της πόλης, κατέλαβε την Πρέβεζα, αφού πρώτα κατέσφαξε τη Γαλλική φρουρά και λεηλάτησε την πόλη, γεγονός που έμεινε γνωστό σαν " Ο Χαλασμός της Πρέβεζας".
 
Το Μάριο του 1800,μετά από διαπραγματεύσεις μεταξύ Ρώσων και Τούρκων Πρέβεζα,μαζί με τις πόλεις Βόνιτσα,Πάργα και Βουθρωτό,σχημάτισαν τη "Συμπολιτεία του Ακρωτηρίου",με πολλά προνόμια και αυτονομία Κυβερνήτης της Συμπολιτείας,Βοεβόδας Αβδουλάχ μπέης,είχε έδρα το Μιχαλίτσι,έξω από τα όρια της πόλης της Πρέβεζας Πρέβεζα ήταν η πρωτεύουσα της Συμπολιτείας.
Όταν όμως, το 1807,η Ρωσία κήρυξε τον πόλεμο στην Τουρκία, ο σατράπης Αλή Πασάς κατόρθωσε να γίνει και πάλι κύριος της Πρέβεζας. Η περίοδος αυτή συνδέθηκε όχι μόνο με εκτεταμένες δημεύσεις περιουσιών και τρομοκρατικές ενέργειες του Μπεκίρ Αγά της Πρέβεζας,αλλα επίσης με ένα πλούσιο έργο οχυρώσεων και κτισμάτων στην πόλη.
 
Το φθινόπωρο του 1820,ο γιος του Αλή,Βελής, αναγκάστηκε να παραδώσει την Πρέβεζα στα σουλτανικά στρατεύματα, αφού πρώτα πήρε τους θησαυρούς του στη Λευκάδα και κατάκατσε το παλάτι, που είχε κτίσει ο πατέρας του στην Πρέβεζα (Παλιοσάραγα).Απο τότε άρχισε η τελευταία Τουρκική κατοχή, που τελείωσε στις 21 Οκτωβρίου του 1912,μετά τη μάχη της Νικόπολης, την προηγούμενη μέρα, αφού η προσπάθεια απελευθέρωσης της πόλης από τον Ελληνικό στρατό και στόλο το 1897 υπήρξε άκαρπη.

Παρασκευή 11 Ιουνίου 2010

Madre de Deus


Madre de Deus (Mother of God; also called Mãe de Deus or, in Spanish, Madre de Dios) was a Portuguese  ship, renowned for her fabulous cargo, which stoked the English appetite for trade with the Far East, then a Portuguese monopoly.

In 1592, by virtue of the Iberian Union, the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 was in abeyance, and as the Anglo–Spanish War was still ongoing, Portuguese shipping was a fair target for the Royal Navy.

That year, a six-member naval squadron was waiting off the Azores to intercept Spanish shipping from the New World when a Portuguese fleet came their way near Corvo Island. The English forced the Santa Cruz ashore, taking whatever goods the Portuguese had failed to retrieve from her burnt-out hull. Under threat of torture, they also forced her purser and two foreign gunners to reveal that further carracks were on their way.

One of these was Madre de Deus, returning from the East Indies and headed for Lisbon. Built in Lisbon in 1589, she was returning from her second voyage East. She was 165 feet in length, had 47 feet of beam, weighed 1,600 tons (of which 900 were cargo) — three times the size of England's biggest ship.She had seven decks, thirty-two guns in addition to other arms, 600 to 700 crew members, a gilded superstructure and a hold filled with treasure. On August 15 or 19 (sources vary), the English took her after a fierce day-long battle near Flores Island in which many Portuguese sailors were killed; the decks were bloody and strewn with bodies when the English boarded, especially around the helm. Still, Burrough spared Captain Fernão de Mendonça Furtado and the rest of the wounded, sending them ashore to the Azores.

Among these riches were chests filled with jewels and pearls, gold and silver coins, amber, rolls of the highest-quality cloth, fine tapestries, 425 tons of pepper, 45 tons of cloves, 35 tons of cinnamon, 3 tons of mace and 3 of nutmeg, 2.5 tons of benjamin (a highly aromatic balsamic resin used for perfumes and medicines), 25 tons of cochineal and 15 tons of ebony.The English crew had stuffed their pockets full of these goods before their squadron commander, Sir John Burrough, could take charge of the cargo.

There was also a document, printed at Macau in 1590, containing valuable information on the China and Japan trade; Hakluyt observes that it was "enclosed in a case of sweet Cedar wood, and lapped up almost an hundredfold in fine Calicut-cloth, as though it had been some incomparable jewel".

The ship docked at Dartmouth harbor on September 7, towering over the other ships and the town's small houses. Nothing like it had ever been seen in England and pandemonium broke loose. Madre de Deus attracted all manner of traders, dealers, cutpurses and thieves from miles around, and even from as far as London and beyond; they visited the floating castle and sought out drunken sailors in taverns and pubs, buying, stealing, pinching and fighting for the takings. Local fishermen as well would constantly venture aboard and back to shore, further depleting the cargo.

English law at the time provided that a large share of the loot was owed to the sovereign, and when Queen Elizabeth found out what was happening, she sent Sir Walter Raleigh to reclaim her money and punish the looters. Sir Walter swore, "If I meet any of them coming up, if it be upon the wildest heath in all the way, I mean to strip them as naked as they were ever born, for Her Majesty has been robbed and that of the most rare things."

By the time Raleigh had restored order, a cargo estimated at half a million pounds (nearly half the size of England's treasury and perhaps the second-largest treasure ever after the Ransom of Atahualpa) had been reduced to £140,000. Still, ten freighters were needed to carry the treasure around the coast and up the River Thames to London.

This foretaste of the riches of the East galvanized English interest in the region. It also taught them a more practical lesson, as some years later, when a rich ship was captured and brought into the Thames for unloading, the Dockers were made to dress in "suits of canvas doublet without pockets".

Κυριακή 6 Ιουνίου 2010

Licarios The Pirate Knight

Licario, called Ikarios (Ἰκάριος) by the Greek chroniclers, was a Byzantine admiral of Italian origin in the 13th century. At odds with the barons of his native Euboea, he entered the service of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282), and reconquered many of the Aegean islands for him in the 1270s. For his exploits, he was rewarded with Euboea as a fief and rose to the rank of megas konostaulos and megas doux, the first foreigner to do so.

Licario was born in Karystos in Latin-held Euboea (Negroponte), from a Vicentian father and a local woman. He was of humble origin, but able and ambitious. Serving as a knight under the Latin triarch Guglielmo II dalle Carceri, he managed to win the heart of Felisa, the widow of Guglielmo's brother Narzotto. The match was met with disapproval by Felisa's family. They secretly married, but the marriage was canceled by her relatives.
 
Fleeing from their wrath, Licario sought refuge in the fort of Anemopylae near Cavo D'Oro. He repaired the strong fortress, assembled a small group of followers, and began raiding the surrounding estates, belonging to the island's nobles.

Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, in whose service Licario conquered most of Euboea and many Aegean islands
 
At that time, the newly restored Byzantine Empire, under the leadership of Michael VIII Palaiologos, sought to recover Euboea, which was the major Latin insular possession in the Aegean Sea and a base for piratical activity directed against his lands. Furthermore, along with the Principality of Achaea it presented the major obstacle to his complete recovery of Greece. Already in 1269/1270, a Byzantine fleet under Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos had attacked and captured one of the island's major Latin strongholds, the town of Oreos.

Facing the persistent refusal of the island's barons to treat with him, desiring vengeance and eager for glory and wealth, Licario presented himself to Philanthropenos, offering his services. He in turn took him to the Emperor, who was eager to use the services of talented Westerners whenever he could, and had already bankrolled several Latin corsairs in his service.[2][5] Licario became the Emperor's vassal according to Western feudal rules, and in turn was strengthened with imperial troops. Under the leadership of Licario, the Byzantines could now mount a serious attempt to conquer the island, while their forces were further augmented by many defections from the Greek population.
The Byzantine forces, under Licario's command, now (in 1272/1273) launched a campaign that took the fortresses of Larmena, La Cuppa, Clisura and Manducho. The Lombard triarchs then appealed to their liege-lord, Prince William II of Achaea, and to Dreux de Beaumont, marshal of the Kingdom of Sicily. William was able to recover La Cuppa, but de Beaumont was defeated in a pitched battle and was subsequently recalled by Charles of Anjou.[6] Between then and 1275, according to the Venetian chronicler Marino Sanudo, Licario himself served in the Byzantine army in Asia Minor, where he scored a victory against the Turks.
 
In 1276, following their great victory over the Lombard triarchs of Negroponte at the Battle of Demetrias, the Byzantines renewed their offensive in Euboea. Licario attacked his native Karystos, seat of the southern triarchy, and took it, after a long siege, in the same year. For this success he was rewarded by Michael VIII with the whole island as a fief, and a noble Greek wife with a rich dowry. In turn, Licario pledged to provide 200 knights to the Emperor. Gradually, Licario reduced the Latin strongholds on the island, until, by 1278, he had seized almost all of it except for the capital, the city of Negroponte (Chalkis).
For his successes, Licario was rewarded with the post of megas konostaulos, head of the Latin mercenaries, and eventually appointed as megas doux after Philanthropenos death in ca. 1296; the first foreigner to be thus honoured.[9][10] He commanded the Byzantine navy in a series of expeditions against the Latin-held Aegean islands. The first to fall was Skopelos, whose fortress was believed to be impregnable. Licario however knew that it lacked water supplies. Thus he attacked it during the hot and dry summer of 1277 and forced its surrender. Its lord, Filippo Ghisi, was captured and sent to Constantinople; his other possessions, the islands of Skyros, Skiathos and Amorgos, were also taken soon after.] After that, Licario went on to capture the islands of Kythera and Antikythera off the southern coast of the Morea, and later Kea, Astypalaia and Santorini in the Cyclades. The great island of Lemnos was also captured, although its lord, Paolo Navagaioso, withstood a three-year siege before surrendering.
 
Finally, in late 1279 or early 1280, he returned to Euboea, landing in the norther town of Oreos and moving south towards Negroponte. His forces by now included many Spanish and Catalan mercenaries (the first time the latter are mentioned in Greece) and even former adherents of Manfred of Sicily, who had been defeated and killed by Charles of Anjou. As he reached Negroponte, the triarch Giberto II dalle Carceri, Felisa's brother, and John I de la Roche, the Duke of Athens, who were present at the city, rode out with their forces to meet him. The two armies met at the village of Vatondas, northeast of Negroponte. The battle resulted in a major victory for Licario: John de la Roche was unhorsed and captured, while Giberto was either killed (according to Sanudo) or captured and taken along with de la Roche as a prisoner to Constantinople, where, according to Nikephoros Gregoras, the sight of the hated renegade, moving triumphantly among the assembled Byzantine court, caused him to drop dead.
 
After Vatondas, Negroponte seemed about to fall into Licario's hands too. The city however was quickly reinforced by Jacques de la Roche, lord of Argos and Nauplia, who, along with the energetic Venetian bailo, Niccolo Morosini Rosso, led its defence. Facing determined resistance and possibly fearing an intervention of John I Doukas, ruler of Thessaly, Licario was forced to raise the siege. 
Licario then turned to reducing the remaining Latin strongholds on the island, becoming its total master except for the city of Negroponte itself, and ruling it from the fortress of Fillia. His fleet carried out further naval expeditions: the islands of Sifnos and Serifos were taken, and Licario's ships raided the Peloponnese.
 
Licario himself sailed to Constantinople, presenting Emperor Michael VIII with his captives. Then, at the height of his fame and success in ca. 1280, Licario disappears from the sources, and his subsequent fate is unknown. Most likely he lived in Constantinople and died there.
is conquests proved temporary only, as the Byzantines were gradually evicted by the Venetians and the other Latin lords. 

Even in Euboea, Licario's major gain and personal fief, the Lombard barons managed to complete their reconquest of the entire island by 1296. Nevertheless, Licario proved one of the most successful military leaders in Michael VIII's employ, and his victories greatly enhanced the emperor's own standing and prestige amongst the Latins. The historian Deno John Geanakoplos ranks him, along with Michael's brother John Palaiologos, as the two men who caused the most damage to the Latin rulers of Greece.

Τετάρτη 2 Ιουνίου 2010

The Revenge: A Ballad of the Fleet

   At Flores in the Azores Sir Richard Grenville lay,
  And a pinnace, like a flutter'd bird, came flying from far away.
  ‘Spanish ships of war at sea! We have sighted fifty three!'
  Then sware Lord Thomas Howard: ‘'fore God I am no coward;
  But I cannot meet them here, for my ships are out of gear,
  And half my men are sick. I must fly, but follow quick.
  We are six ships of the line; can we fight with fifty three?'
  Then spake Sir Richard Grenville: ‘I know you are no coward;
  
You fly them for a moment to fight with them again.
  But I've ninety men and more that are lying sick ashore.
  I should count myself the coward if I left them, my Lord Howard,
  To those Inquisition dogs and the devildoms of Spain.
  So Lord Howard passed away with five ships of war that day,
  Till he melted like a cloud in the silent summer heaven;
  
But Sir Richard bore in hand all his sick men from the land
  Very carefully and slow,
  Men of Bideford in Devon,
  And we laid them on the ballast down below;
  For we brought them all aboard,
  And they blest him in their pain, that they were not left to Spain,
  To the thumbscrew and the stake, for the glory of the Lord.
  He had only a hundred seamen to work the ship and to fight,
  And he sailed away from Flores till the Spaniard came in sight,
  With his huge sea-castles heaving upon the weather bow.
  ‘Shall we fight or shall we fly?
  Good Sir Richard, tell us now,
  For to fight is but to die!
  There'll be little of us left by the time this sun be set.'
  And Sir Richard said again: ‘We be all good English men,
  Let us bang these dogs of Seville, the children of the devil,
  For I never turned my back on Don or devil yet.'
  Sir Richard spoke and he laughed, and we roared a hurrah, and so
  The little Revenge ran on, sheer into the heart of the foe,
 
 With her hundred fighters on deck, and her ninety sick below;
  For half of their fleet to the right and half to the left were seen,
  And the little Revenge ran on thro' the long sea-lane between.
  Thousands of their soldiers looked down from their decks and laughed,
  Thousands of their seamen made mock at the mad little craft
  Running on and on, till delayed
  By their mountain-like San Philip that, of fifteen hundred tons,
  And up-shadowing high above us with her yawning tiers of guns,
  Took the breath from our sails, and we stayed.
  And while now the great San Philip hung above us like a cloud
  
Whence the thunderbolt will fall
  Long and loud,
  Four galleons drew away
  From the Spanish fleet that day,
  And two upon the larboard and two upon the starboard lay,
 
  And the battle-thunder broke from them all.
  But anon the great San Philip, she bethought herself and went
  Having that within her womb that had left her ill content;
  And the rest they came aboard us, and they fought us hand to hand,
  For a dozen times they came with their pikes and their musketeers,
  And a dozen time we shook ‘em off as a dog that shakes its ears
  When he leaps from the water to the land.
  And the sun went down, and the stars came out far over the summer seas,
  
But never a moment ceased the fight of the one and the fifty three.
  Ship after ship, the whole night long, their high-built galleons came,
  Ship after ship, the whole night long, with her battle-thunder and flame;
  Ship after ship, the whole night long, drew back with her dead and her shame.
  For some were sunk and many were shatter'd, and so could fight us no more -
  God of battles, was ever a battle like this in the world before?
  For he said ‘Fight on! Fight on!'
 
 Tho' his vessel was all but a wreck;
  And it chanced that, when half of the short summer night was gone,
  With a grisly wound to be dressed he had left the deck,
  But a bullet struck him that was dressing it suddenly dead,
  And himself he was wounded again in the side and the head,
  And he said ‘Fight on! Fight on!'

  And the night went down, and the sun smiled out from over the summer sea,
  And the Spanish fleet with broken sides lay around us all in a ring;
  But they dared not touch us again, for thewy feared that we still could sting,
  So they watched what the end would be.

  And we had not fought them in vain,
  But in perilous plight were we,
  Seeing forty of our poor hundred were slain,
  And half of the rest of us maimed for life
  In the crash of the cannonades and the desperate strife.
  And the sick men down in the hold were most of them stark and cold,
  And the pikes were all broken or bent, and the powder was all of it spent;
  And the masts and the rigging were lying over the side.
 
  But Sir Richard cried in his English pride:
  ‘We have fought such a fight for a day and a night
  As may never be fought again!
  We have won great glory my men!
  And a day less or more
  At sea or ashore,
  We die - does it matter when?
  Sink me the ship, Master Gunner - sink her, split her in twain!
  Fall into the hands of God, not into the hands of Spain!'
  And the gunner said ‘Ay ay', but the seamen made reply:
  ‘We have children, we have wives,
  And the Lord hath spared our lives.
  We will make the Spaniard promise, if we yield, to let us go;
  
We shall live to fight again and to strike another blow.'
  And the lion there lay dying, and they yielded to the foe.
  And the stately Spanish men to their flagship bore him then,
  Where they laid him by the mast, old Sir Richard caught at last,
  And they praised him to his face with their courtly foreign grace.
 
  But he rose upon their decks and he cried:
  ‘I have fought for Queen and Faith like a valiant man and true.
  I have only done my duty as a man is bound to do.
  With a joyful spirit I, Sir Richard Grenville, die!'
 
  And he fell upon their decks and he died.
  And they stared at the dead that had been so valiant and true,
  And had holden the power and the glory of Spain so cheap
  That he dared her with one little ship and his English few;
  Was he devil or man? He was devil for aught they knew,
  But they sank his body with honour down into the deep,
  And they manned the Revenge with a swarthier alien crew,
  And away she sailed with her loss and longed for her own;
  When a wind from the lands they had ruined awoke from sleep,
  And the water began to heave and the weather to moan,
 
  And or ever that evening ended a great gale blew,
  And a wave like a wave that is raised by an earthquake grew,
  Till it smote on their hulls and their sails and their masts and their flags,
  And the whole sea plunged and fell on the shot-shattered navy of Spain,
  And the little Revenge herself went down by the island crags
  To be lost evermore in the main.

Galleon


A galleon was a large, multi-decked sailing ship used primarily by European states from the 16th to 18th centuries. Whether used for war or commerce, they were generally armed with the demi-culverin type of cannon.


The galleon was an ocean going ship type which evolved from the carrack in the second half of the sixteenth century. A lowering of the forecastle and elongation of the hull gave galleons an unprecedented level of stability in the water, and reduced wind resistance at the front, leading to a faster, more maneuverable vessel. The galleon differed from the older types primarily by being longer, lower and narrower, with a square tuck stern instead of a round tuck, and by having a snout or head projecting forward from the bows below the level of the forecastle.

In Portugal at least, carracks were usually very large ships for their time (often over 1000 tons), while galleons were mostly under 500 tons, although the Manila galleons were to reach up to 2000 tons. Carracks tended to be lightly armed and used for transporting cargo, while galleons were purpose-built warships, and were stronger, more heavily armed, and also cheaper to build (5 galleons could cost around the same as 3 carracks) and were therefore a much better investment for use as warships or transports. There are nationalist disputes about its origins and development, but each Atlantic sea power built types suited to their needs, while constantly learning from their rivals.

The galleon was powered entirely by sail, carried on three or four masts, with a lateen sail continuing to be used on the last (usually third and fourth) masts. They were used in both military and trade applications, most famously in the Spanish treasure fleet, and the Manila Galleons. In fact, galleons were so versatile that a single vessel may have been refitted for wartime and peacetime roles several times during its lifespan. The galleon was the prototype of all square rigged ships with three or more masts for over two and a half centuries, including the later full rigged ship.


The principal warships of the opposing English and Spanish fleets in the 1588 confrontation of the Spanish Armada were galleons, with the modified English "race built" galleons developed by John Hawkins proving decisive, while the capacious Spanish galleons, designed primaráily as transports for long ocean voyages, proved incredibly durable in the battles and in the great storms on the voyage home; most survived the ordeal.

Galleons were constructed from oak (for the keel), pine (for the masts) and various hardwoods for hull and decking. Hulls were usually carvel-built. The expenses involved in galleon construction were enormous. Hundreds of expert tradesmen (including carpenters, pitch-melters, blacksmiths, coopers, shipwrights, etc.) worked day and night for months before a galleon was seaworthy. To cover the expense, galleons were often funded by groups of wealthy businessmen who pooled resources for a new ship. Therefore, most galleons were originally consigned for trade, although those captured by rival states were usually put into military service.

The most common gun used aboard a galleon was the demi-culverin, although gun sizes up to demi-cannon were possible.
Because of the long periods often spent at sea and poor conditions on board, many of the crew sometimes perished during the voyage; therefore advanced rigging systems were developed so that the vessel could be sailed home by an active sailing crew a fraction of the size aboard at departure.

The most distinguishing features of the galleon include the long beak, the lateen-rigged mizzenmasts, and the square gallery at the stern off of the captain cabin. In larger galleons, a fourth mast was added, usually a lateen-rigged mizzen, called the bonaventure mizzen.

The galleon continued to be used into the 18th century, by which time purpose-built vessels such as the fluyt, the brig and the full rigged ship, both as a trading vessel and ship of the line, rendered it obsolete for trade and warfare respectively.

The oldest known scale drawings in England are in a manuscript called "Fragments of Ancient Shipwrightry" made in about 1586 by Mathew Baker, a master-shipwright. This manuscript, held at the Pepysian Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, provides an authentic reference for the size and shape of typical English galleons built during this period. Based on these plans, the Science Museum, London has built a 1:48 scale model ship that is an exemplar of galleons of this era.

Τρίτη 1 Ιουνίου 2010

CAPTAIN SCARFIELD


The author of this narrative cannot recall that, in any history
of the famous pirates, he has ever read a detailed and sufficient
account of the life and death of Capt. John Scarfield. Doubtless
some data concerning his death and the destruction of his
schooner might be gathered from the report of Lieutenant
Mainwaring, now filed in the archives of the Navy Department, out
beyond such bald and bloodless narrative the author knows of
nothing, unless it be the little chap-book history published by
Isaiah Thomas in Newburyport about the year 1821-22, entitled, "A
True History of the Life and Death of Captain Jack Scarfield."
This lack of particularity in the history of one so notable in
his profession it is the design of the present narrative in a
measure to supply, and, if the author has seen fit to cast it in
the form of a fictional story, it is only that it may make more
easy reading for those who see fit to follow the tale from this
to its conclusion.

I

ELEAZER COOPER, or Captain Cooper, as was his better-known title
in Philadelphia, was a prominent member of the Society of
Friends. He was an overseer of the meeting and an occasional
speaker upon particular occasions. When at home from one of his
many voyages he never failed to occupy his seat in the meeting
both on First Day and Fifth Day, and he was regarded by his
fellow townsmen as a model of business integrity and of domestic
responsibility.

More incidental to this history, however, it is to be narrated
that Captain Cooper was one of those trading skippers who carried
their own merchandise in their own vessels which they sailed
themselves, and on whose decks they did their own bartering. His
vessel was a swift, large schooner, the Eliza Cooper, of
Philadelphia, named for his wife. His cruising grounds were the
West India Islands, and his merchandise was flour and corn meal
ground at the Brandywine Mills at Wilmington, Delaware.

During the War of 1812 he had earned, as was very well known, an
extraordinary fortune in this trading; for flour and corn meal
sold at fabulous prices in the French, Spanish, Dutch, and Danish
islands, cut off, as they were, from the rest of the world by the
British blockade.

The running of this blockade was one of the most hazardous
maritime ventures possible, but Captain Cooper had met with such
unvaried success, and had sold his merchandise at such incredible
profit that, at the end of the war, he found himself to have
become one of the wealthiest merchants of his native city.

It was known at one time that his balance in the Mechanics' Bank
was greater than that of any other individual depositor upon the
books, and it was told of him that he had once deposited in the
bank a chest of foreign silver coin, the exchanged value of which,
when translated into American currency, was upward of forty-two
thousand dollars--a prodigious sum of money in those days.

In person, Captain Cooper was tall and angular of frame. His face
was thin and severe, wearing continually an unsmiling, mask-like
expression of continent and unruffled sobriety. His manner was
dry and taciturn, and his conduct and life were measured to the
most absolute accord with the teachings of his religious belief.

He lived in an old-fashioned house on Front Street below
Spruce--as pleasant, cheerful a house as ever a trading captain
could return to. At the back of the house a lawn sloped steeply
down toward the river. To the south stood the wharf and
storehouses; to the north an orchard and kitchen garden bloomed
with abundant verdure. Two large chestnut trees sheltered the
porch and the little space of lawn, and when you sat under them
in the shade you looked down the slope between two rows of box
bushes directly across the shining river to the Jersey shore.

At the time of our story--that is, about the year 1820--this
property had increased very greatly in value, but it was the old
home of the Coopers, as Eleazer Cooper was entirely rich enough
to indulge his fancy in such matters. Accordingly, as he chose to
live in the same house where his father and his grandfather had
dwelt before him, he peremptorily, if quietly, refused all offers
looking toward the purchase of the lot of ground--though it was
now worth five or six times its former value.

As was said, it was a cheerful, pleasant home, impressing you
when you entered it with the feeling of spotless and
all-pervading cleanliness--a cleanliness that greeted you in the
shining brass door-knocker; that entertained you in the sitting
room with its stiff, leather-covered furniture, the brass-headed
tacks whereof sparkled like so many stars--a cleanliness that
bade you farewell in the spotless stretch of sand- sprinkled
hallway, the wooden floor of which was worn into knobs around the
nail heads by the countless scourings and scrubbings to which it
had been subjected and which left behind them an all-pervading
faint, fragrant odor of soap and warm water.

Eleazer Cooper and his wife were childless, but one inmate made
the great, silent, shady house bright with life. Lucinda
Fairbanks, a niece of Captain Cooper's by his only sister, was a
handsome, sprightly girl of eighteen or twenty, and a great
favorite in the Quaker society of the city.

It remains only to introduce the final and, perhaps, the most
important actor of the narrative Lieut. James Mainwaring. During
the past twelve months or so he had been a frequent visitor at
the Cooper house. At this time he was a broad-shouldered,
red-cheeked, stalwart fellow of twenty- six or twenty-eight. He
was a great social favorite, and possessed the added romantic
interest of having been aboard the Constitution when she fought
the Guerriere, and of having, with his own hands, touched the
match that fired the first gun of that great battle.

Mainwaring's mother and Eliza Cooper had always been intimate
friends, and the coming and going of the young man during his
leave of absence were looked upon in the house as quite a matter
of course. Half a dozen times a week he would drop in to execute
some little commission for the ladies, or, if Captain Cooper was
at home, to smoke a pipe of tobacco with him, to sip a dram of
his famous old Jamaica rum, or to play a rubber of checkers of an
evening. It is not likely that either of the older people was the
least aware of the real cause of his visits; still less did they
suspect that any passages of sentiment had passed between the
young people.

The truth was that Mainwaring and the young lady were very deeply
in love. It was a love that they were obliged to keep a profound
secret, for not only had Eleazer Cooper held the strictest sort
of testimony against the late war--a testimony so rigorous as to
render it altogether unlikely that one of so military a
profession as Mainwaring practiced could hope for his consent to
a suit for marriage, but Lucinda could not have married one not a
member of the Society of Friends without losing her own
birthright membership therein. She herself might not attach much
weight to such a loss of membership in the Society, but her fear
of, and her respect for, her uncle led her to walk very closely
in her path of duty in this respect. Accordingly she and
Mainwaring met as they could-- clandestinely--and the stolen
moments were very sweet. With equal secrecy Lucinda had, at the
request of her lover, sat for a miniature portrait to Mrs.
Gregory, which miniature, set in a gold medallion, Mainwaring,
with a mild, sentimental pleasure, wore hung around his neck and
beneath his shirt frill next his heart.

In the month of April of the year 1820 Mainwaring received orders
to report at Washington. During the preceding autumn the West
India pirates, and notably Capt. Jack Scarfield, had been more
than usually active, and the loss of the packet Marblehead
(which, sailing from Charleston, South Carolina, was never heard
of more) was attributed to them. Two other coasting vessels off
the coast of Georgia had been looted and burned by Scarfield, and
the government had at last aroused itself to the necessity of
active measures for repressing these pests of the West India waters.

Mainwaring received orders to take command of the Yankee, a
swift, light- draught, heavily armed brig of war, and to cruise
about the Bahama Islands and to capture and destroy all the
pirates' vessels he could there discover.

On his way from Washington to New York, where the Yankee was then
waiting orders, Mainwaring stopped in Philadelphia to bid good-by
to his many friends in that city. He called at the old Cooper
house. It was on a Sunday afternoon. The spring was early and
the weather extremely pleasant that day, being filled with a
warmth almost as of summer. The apple trees were already in full
bloom and filled all the air with their fragrance. Everywhere
there seemed to be the pervading hum of bees, and the drowsy,
tepid sunshine was very delightful.

At that time Eleazer was just home from an unusually successful
voyage to Antigua. Mainwaring found the family sitting under one
of the still leafless chestnut trees, Captain Cooper smoking his
long clay pipe and lazily perusing a copy of the National
Gazette. Eleazer listened with a great deal of interest to what
Mainwaring had to say of his proposed cruise. He himself knew a
great deal about the pirates, and, singularly unbending from his
normal, stiff taciturnity, he began telling of what he knew,
particularly of Captain Scarfield--in whom he appeared to take an
extraordinary interest.

Vastly to Mainwaring's surprise, the old Quaker assumed the
position of a defendant of the pirates, protesting that the
wickedness of the accused was enormously exaggerated. He declared
that he knew some of the freebooters very well and that at the
most they were poor, misdirected wretches who had, by easy
gradation, slid into their present evil ways, from having been
tempted by the government authorities to enter into privateering
in the days of the late war. He conceded that Captain Scarfield
had done many cruel and wicked deeds, but he averred that he had
also performed many kind and benevolent actions. The world made
no note of these latter, but took care only to condemn the evil
that had been done. He acknowledged that it was true that the
pirate had allowed his crew to cast lots for the wife and the
daughter of the skipper of the Northern Rose, but there were none
of his accusers who told how, at the risk of his own life and the
lives of all his crew, he had given succor to the schooner
Halifax, found adrift with all hands down with yellow fever.
There was no defender of his actions to tell how he and his crew
of pirates had sailed the pest-stricken vessel almost into the
rescuing waters of Kingston harbor. Eleazer confessed that he
could not deny that when Scarfield had tied the skipper of the
Baltimore Belle naked to the foremast of his own brig he had
permitted his crew of cutthroats (who were drunk at the time) to
throw bottles at the helpless captive, who died that night of the
wounds he had received. For this he was doubtless very justly
condemned, but who was there to praise him when he had, at the
risk of his life and in the face of the authorities, carried a
cargo of provisions which he himself had purchased at Tampa Bay
to the Island of Bella Vista after the great hurricane of 1818?
In this notable adventure he had barely escaped, after a two
days' chase, the British frigate Ceres, whose captain, had a
capture been effected, would instantly have hung the unfortunate
man to the yardarm in spite of the beneficent mission he was in
the act of conducting.

In all this Eleazer had the air of conducting the case for the
defendant. As he talked he became more and more animated and
voluble. The light went out in his tobacco pipe, and a hectic
spot appeared in either thin and sallow cheek. Mainwaring sat
wondering to hear the severely peaceful Quaker preacher defending
so notoriously bloody and cruel a cutthroat pirate as Capt. Jack
Scarfield. The warm and innocent surroundings, the old brick
house looking down upon them, the odor of apple blossoms and the
hum of bees seemed to make it all the more incongruous. And still
the elderly Quaker skipper talked on and on with hardly an
interruption, till the warm sun slanted to the west and the day
began to decline.

That evening Mainwaring stayed to tea and when he parted from
Lucinda Fairbanks it was after nightfall, with a clear, round
moon shining in the milky sky and a radiance pallid and unreal
enveloping the old house, the blooming apple trees, the sloping
lawn and the shining river beyond. He implored his sweetheart to
let him tell her uncle and aunt of their acknowledged love and to
ask the old man's consent to it, but she would not permit him to
do so. They were so happy as they were. Who knew but what her
uncle might forbid their fondness? Would he not wait a little
longer? Maybe it would all come right after a while. She was so
fond, so tender, so tearful at the nearness of their parting that
he had not the heart to insist. At the same time it was with a
feeling almost of despair that he realized that he must now be
gone--maybe for the space of two years--without in all that time
possessing the right to call her his before the world.

When he bade farewell to the older people it was with a choking
feeling of bitter disappointment. He yet felt the pressure of
her cheek against his shoulder, the touch of soft and velvet lips
to his own. But what were such clandestine endearments compared
to what might, perchance, be his-- the right of calling her his
own when he was far away and upon the distant sea? And, besides,
he felt like a coward who had shirked his duty.

But he was very much in love. The next morning appeared in a
drizzle of rain that followed the beautiful warmth of the day
before. He had the coach all to himself, and in the damp and
leathery solitude he drew out the little oval picture from
beneath his shirt frill and looked long and fixedly with a fond
and foolish joy at the innocent face, the blue eyes, the red,
smiling lips depicted upon the satinlike, ivory surface.

II

For the better part of five months Mainwaring cruised about in
the waters surrounding the Bahama Islands. In that time he ran
to earth and dispersed a dozen nests of pirates. He destroyed no
less than fifteen piratical crafts of all sizes, from a large
half-decked whaleboat to a three-hundred-ton barkentine. The name
of the Yankee became a terror to every sea wolf in the western
tropics, and the waters of the Bahama Islands became swept almost
clean of the bloody wretches who had so lately infested it.

But the one freebooter of all others whom he sought--Capt. Jack
Scarfield--seemed to evade him like a shadow, to slip through his
fingers like magic. Twice he came almost within touch of the
famous marauder, both times in the ominous wrecks that the pirate
captain had left behind him. The first of these was the
water-logged remains of a burned and still smoking wreck that he
found adrift in the great Bahama channel. It was the Water
Witch, of Salem, but he did not learn her tragic story until, two
weeks later, he discovered a part of her crew at Port Maria, on
the north coast of Jamaica. It was, indeed, a dreadful story to
which he listened. The castaways said that they of all the
vessel's crew had been spared so that they might tell the
commander of the Yankee, should they meet him, that he might keep
what he found, with Captain Scarfield's compliments, who served
it up to him hot cooked.

Three weeks later he rescued what remained of the crew of the
shattered, bloody hulk of the Baltimore Belle, eight of whose
crew, headed by the captain, had been tied hand and foot and
heaved overboard. Again, there was a message from Captain
Scarfield to the commander of the Yankee that he might season
what he found to suit his own taste.

Mainwaring was of a sanguine disposition, with fiery temper. He
swore, with the utmost vehemence, that either he or John
Scarfield would have to leave the earth.

He had little suspicion of how soon was to befall the ominous
realization of his angry prophecy.

At that time one of the chief rendezvous of the pirates was the
little island of San Jose, one of the southernmost of the Bahama
group. Here, in the days before the coming of the Yankee, they
were wont to put in to careen and clean their vessels and to take
in a fresh supply of provisions, gunpowder, and rum, preparatory
to renewing their attacks upon the peaceful commerce circulating
up and down outside the islands, or through the wide stretches of
the Bahama channel.

Mainwaring had made several descents upon this nest of
freebooters. He had already made two notable captures, and it was
here he hoped eventually to capture Captain Scarfield himself.

A brief description of this one-time notorious rendezvous of
freebooters might not be out of place. It consisted of a little
settlement of those wattled and mud-smeared houses such as you
find through the West Indies. There were only three houses of a
more pretentious sort, built of wood. One of these was a
storehouse, another was a rum shop, and a third a house in which
dwelt a mulatto woman, who was reputed to be a sort of
left-handed wife of Captain Scarfield's. The population was
almost entirely black and brown. One or two Jews and a half
dozen Yankee traders, of hardly dubious honesty, comprised the
entire white population. The rest consisted of a mongrel
accumulation of negroes and mulattoes and half-caste Spaniards,
and of a multitude of black or yellow women and children. The
settlement stood in a bight of the beach forming a small harbor
and affording a fair anchorage for small vessels, excepting it
were against the beating of a southeasterly gale. The houses, or
cabins, were surrounded by clusters of coco palms and growths of
bananas, and a long curve of white beach, sheltered from the
large Atlantic breakers that burst and exploded upon an outer
bar, was drawn like a necklace around the semi-circle of
emerald-green water.

Such was the famous pirates' settlement of San Jose--a paradise
of nature and a hell of human depravity and wickedness--and it
was to this spot that Mainwaring paid another visit a few days
after rescuing the crew of the Baltimore Belle from her shattered
and sinking wreck.

As the little bay with its fringe of palms and its cluster of
wattle huts opened up to view, Mainwaring discovered a vessel
lying at anchor in the little harbor. It was a large and
well-rigged schooner of two hundred and fifty or three hundred
tons burden. As the Yankee rounded to under the stern of the
stranger and dropped anchor in such a position as to bring her
broadside battery to bear should the occasion require, Mainwaring
set his glass to his eye to read the name he could distinguish
beneath the overhang of her stern. It is impossible to describe
his infinite surprise when, the white lettering starting out in
the circle of the glass, he read, The Eliza Cooper, of
Philadelphia.

He could not believe the evidence of his senses. Certainly this
sink of iniquity was the last place in the world he would have
expected to have fallen in with Eleazer Cooper.

He ordered out the gig and had himself immediately rowed over to
the schooner. Whatever lingering doubts he might have
entertained as to the identity of the vessel were quickly
dispelled when he beheld Captain Cooper himself standing at the
gangway to meet him. The impassive face of the friend showed
neither surprise nor confusion at what must have been to him a
most unexpected encounter.

But when he stepped upon the deck of the Eliza Cooper and looked
about him, Mainwaring could hardly believe the evidence of his
senses at the transformation that he beheld. Upon the main deck
were eight twelve- pound carronade neatly covered with tarpaulin;
in the bow a Long Tom, also snugly stowed away and covered,
directed a veiled and muzzled snout out over the bowsprit.

It was entirely impossible for Mainwaring to conceal his
astonishment at so unexpected a sight, and whether or not his own
thoughts lent color to his imagination, it seemed to him that
Eleazer Cooper concealed under the immobility of his countenance
no small degree of confusion.

After Captain Cooper had led the way into the cabin and he and
the younger man were seated over a pipe of tobacco and the
invariable bottle of fine old Jamaica rum, Mainwaring made no
attempt to refrain from questioning him as to the reason for this
singular and ominous transformation.

"I am a man of peace, James Mainwaring," Eleazer replied, "but
there are men of blood in these waters, and an appearance of
great strength is of use to protect the innocent from the wicked.
If I remained in appearance the peaceful trader I really am, how
long does thee suppose I could remain unassailed in this place?"

It occurred to Mainwaring that the powerful armament he had
beheld was rather extreme to be used merely as a preventive. He
smoked for a while in silence and then he suddenly asked the
other point-blank whether, if it came to blows with such a one as
Captain Scarfield, would he make a fight of it?

The Quaker trading captain regarded him for a while in silence.
His look, it seemed to Mainwaring, appeared to be dubitative as
to how far he dared to be frank. "Friend James," he said at
last, "I may as well acknowledge that my officers and crew are
somewhat worldly. Of a truth they do not hold the same testimony
as I. I am inclined to think that if it came to the point of a
broil with those men of iniquity, my individual voice cast for
peace would not be sufficient to keep my crew from meeting
violence with violence. As for myself, thee knows who I am and
what is my testimony in these matters."

Mainwaring made no comment as to the extremely questionable
manner in which the Quaker proposed to beat the devil about the
stump. Presently he asked his second question:

"And might I inquire," he said, "what you are doing here and why
you find it necessary to come at all into such a wicked,
dangerous place as this?"

"Indeed, I knew thee would ask that question of me," said the
Friend, "and I will be entirely frank with thee. These men of
blood are, after all, but human beings, and as human beings they
need food. I have at present upon this vessel upward of two
hundred and fifty barrels of flour which will bring a higher
price here than anywhere else in the West Indies. To be entirely
frank with thee, I will tell thee that I was engaged in making a
bargain for the sale of the greater part of my merchandise when
the news of thy approach drove away my best customer."

Mainwaring sat for a while in smoking silence. What the other
had told him explained many things he had not before understood.
It explained why Captain Cooper got almost as much for his flour
and corn meal now that peace had been declared as he had obtained
when the war and the blockade were in full swing. It explained
why he had been so strong a defender of Captain Scarfield and the
pirates that afternoon in the garden. Meantime, what was to be
done? Eleazer confessed openly that he dealt with the pirates.
What now was his--Mainwaring's--duty in the case? Was the cargo
of the Eliza Cooper contraband and subject to confiscation? And
then another question framed itself in his mind: Who was this
customer whom his approach had driven away?

As though he had formulated the inquiry into speech the other
began directly to speak of it. "I know," he said, "that in a moment
thee will ask me who was this customer of whom I have just
now spoken. I have no desire to conceal his name from thee. It was
the man who is known as Captain Jack or Captain John Scarfield."

Mainwaring fairly started from his seat. "The devil you say!" he
cried. "And how long has it been," he asked, "since he left you?"

The Quaker skipper carefully refilled his pipe, which be had by
now smoked out. "I would judge," he said, "that it is a matter
of four or five hours since news was brought overland by means of
swift runners of thy approach. Immediately the man of wickedness
disappeared." Here Eleazer set the bowl of his pipe to the
candle flame and began puffing out voluminous clouds of smoke.
"I would have thee understand, James Mainwaring," he resumed,
"that I am no friend of this wicked and sinful man. His safety
is nothing to me. It is only a question of buying upon his part
and of selling upon mine. If it is any satisfaction to thee I
will heartily promise to bring thee news if I hear anything of
the man of Belial. I may furthermore say that I think it is
likely thee will have news more or less directly of him within
the space of a day. If this should happen, however, thee will
have to do thy own fighting without help from me, for I am no man
of combat nor of blood and will take no hand in it either way."

It struck Mainwaring that the words contained some meaning that
did not appear upon the surface. This significance struck him as
so ambiguous that when he went aboard the Yankee he confided as
much of his suspicions as he saw fit to his second in command,
Lieutenant Underwood. As night descended he had a double watch
set and had everything prepared to repel any attack or surprise
that might be attempted.



III

Nighttime in the tropics descends with a surprising rapidity. At
one moment the earth is shining with the brightness of the
twilight; the next, as it were, all things are suddenly swallowed
into a gulf of darkness. The particular night of which this story
treats was not entirely clear; the time of year was about the
approach of the rainy season, and the tepid, tropical clouds
added obscurity to the darkness of the sky, so that the night
fell with even more startling quickness than usual. The blackness
was very dense. Now and then a group of drifting stars swam out
of a rift in the vapors, but the night was curiously silent and
of a velvety darkness.

As the obscurity had deepened, Mainwaring had ordered lanthorns
to be lighted and slung to the shrouds and to the stays, and the
faint yellow of their illumination lighted the level white of the
snug little war vessel, gleaming here and there in a starlike
spark upon the brass trimmings and causing the rows of cannons to
assume curiously gigantic proportions.

For some reason Mainwaring was possessed by a strange, uneasy
feeling. He walked restlessly up and down the deck for a time,
and then, still full of anxieties for he knew not what, went into
his cabin to finish writing up his log for the day. He
unstrapped his cutlass and laid it upon the table, lighted his
pipe at the lanthorn and was about preparing to lay aside his
coat when word was brought to him that the captain of the trading
schooner was come alongside and had some private information to
communicate to him.

Mainwaring surmised in an instant that the trader's visit related
somehow to news of Captain Scarfield, and as immediately, in the
relief of something positive to face, all of his feeling of
restlessness vanished like a shadow of mist. He gave orders that
Captain Cooper should be immediately shown into the cabin, and in
a few moments the tall, angular form of the Quaker skipper
appeared in the narrow, lanthorn-lighted space.

Mainwaring at once saw that his visitor was strangely agitated
and disturbed. He had taken off his hat, and shining beads of
perspiration had gathered and stood clustered upon his forehead.
He did not reply to Mainwaring's greeting; he did not, indeed,
seem to hear it; but he came directly forward to the table and
stood leaning with one hand upon the open log book in which the
lieutenant had just been writing. Mainwaring had reseated himself
at the head of the table, and the tall figure of the skipper
stood looking down at him as from a considerable height.

"James Mainwaring," he said, "I promised thee to report if I had
news of the pirate. Is thee ready now to hear my news?"

There was something so strange in his agitation that it began to
infect Mainwaring with a feeling somewhat akin to that which
appeared to disturb his visitor. "I know not what you mean,
sir!" he cried, "by asking if I care to hear your news. At this
moment I would rather have news of that scoundrel than to have
anything I know of in the world."

"Thou would? Thou would?" cried the other, with mounting
agitation. "Is thee in such haste to meet him as all that? Very
well; very well, then. Suppose I could bring thee face to face
with him--what then? Hey? Hey? Face to face with him, James
Mainwaring!"

The thought instantly flashed into Mainwaring's mind that the
pirate had returned to the island; that perhaps at that moment he
was somewhere near at hand.

"I do not understand you, sir," he cried. "Do you mean to tell
me that you know where the villain is? If so, lose no time in
informing me, for every instant of delay may mean his chance of
again escaping."

"No danger of that!" the other declared, vehemently. "No danger
of that! I'll tell thee where he is and I'll bring thee to him
quick enough!" And as he spoke he thumped his fist against the
open log book. In the vehemence of his growing excitement his
eyes appeared to shine green in the lanthorn light, and the sweat
that had stood in beads upon his forehead was now running in
streams down his face. One drop hung like a jewel to the tip of
his beaklike nose. He came a step nearer to Mainwaring and bent
forward toward him, and there was something so strange and
ominous in his bearing that the lieutenant instinctively drew
back a little where he sat.

"Captain Scarfield sent something to you," said Eleazer, almost
in a raucous voice, "something that you will be surprised to
see." And the lapse in his speech from the Quaker "thee" to the
plural "you" struck Mainwaring as singularly strange.

As he was speaking Eleazer was fumbling in a pocket of his
long-tailed drab coat, and presently he brought something forth
that gleamed in the lanthorn light.

The next moment Mainwaring saw leveled directly in his face the
round and hollow nozzle of a pistol.

There was an instant of dead silence and then, "I am the man you
seek!" said Eleazer Cooper, in a tense and breathless voice.

The whole thing had happened so instantaneously and unexpectedly
that for the moment Mainwaring sat like one petrified. Had a
thunderbolt fallen from the silent sky and burst at his feet he
could not have been more stunned. He was like one held in the
meshes of a horrid nightmare, and he gazed as through a mist of
impossibility into the lineaments of the well-known, sober face
now transformed as from within into the aspect of a devil. That
face, now ashy white, was distorted into a diabolical grin. The
teeth glistened in the lamplight. The brows, twisted into a
tense and convulsed frown, were drawn down into black shadows,
through which the eyes burned a baleful green like the eyes of a
wild animal driven to bay. Again he spoke in the same breathless
voice. "I am John Scarfield! Look at me, then, if you want to
see a pirate!" Again there was a little time of silence, through
which Mainwaring heard his watch ticking loudly from where it
hung against the bulkhead. Then once more the other began
speaking. "You would chase me out of the West Indies, would you?
G------ --you! What are you come to now? You are caught in your
own trap, and you'll squeal loud enough before you get out of it.
Speak a word or make a movement and I'll blow your brains out
against the partition behind you! Listen to what I say or you
are a dead man. Sing out an order instantly for my mate and my
bos'n to come here to the cabin, and be quick about it, for my
finger's on the trigger, and it's only a pull to shut your mouth
forever."

It was astonishing to Mainwaring, in afterward thinking about it
all, how quickly his mind began to recover its steadiness after
that first astonishing shock. Even as the other was speaking he
discovered that his brain was becoming clarified to a wonderful
lucidity; his thoughts were becoming rearranged, and with a
marvelous activity and an alertness he had never before
experienced. He knew that if he moved to escape or uttered any
outcry he would be instantly a dead man, for the circle of the
pistol barrel was directed full against his forehead and with the
steadiness of a rock. If he could but for an instant divert that
fixed and deadly attention he might still have a chance for
life. With the thought an inspiration burst into his mind and he
instantly put it into execution; thought, inspiration, and
action, as in a flash, were one. He must make the other turn
aside his deadly gaze, and instantly he roared out in a voice
that stunned his own ears: "Strike, bos'n! Strike, quick!"

Taken by surprise, and thinking, doubtless, that another enemy
stood behind him, the pirate swung around like a flash with his
pistol leveled against the blank boarding. Equally upon the
instant he saw the trick that had been played upon him and in a
second flash had turned again. The turn and return had occupied
but a moment of time, but that moment, thanks to the readiness of
his own invention, had undoubtedly saved Mainwaring's life. As
the other turned away his gaze for that brief instant Mainwaring
leaped forward and upon him. There was a flashing flame of fire
as the pistol was discharged and a deafening detonation that
seemed to split his brain. For a moment, with reeling senses, he
supposed himself to have been shot, the next he knew he had
escaped. With the energy of despair he swung his enemy around and
drove him with prodigious violence against the corner of the
table. The pirate emitted a grunting cry and then they fell
together, Mainwaring upon the top, and the pistol clattered with
them to the floor in their fall. Even as he fell, Mainwaring
roared in a voice of thunder, "All hands repel boarders!" And
then again, "All hands repel boarders!"

Whether hurt by the table edge or not, the fallen pirate
struggled as though possessed of forty devils, and in a moment or
two Mainwaring saw the shine of a long, keen knife that he had
drawn from somewhere about his person. The lieutenant caught him
by the wrist, but the other's muscles were as though made of
steel. They both fought in despairing silence, the one to carry
out his frustrated purposes to kill, the other to save his life.
Again and again Mainwaring felt that the knife had been thrust
against him, piercing once his arm, once his shoulder, and again
his neck. He felt the warm blood streaming down his arm and body
and looked about him in despair. The pistol lay near upon the
deck of the cabin. Still holding the other by the wrist as he
could, Mainwaring snatched up the empty weapon and struck once
and again at the bald, narrow forehead beneath him. A third blow
he delivered with all the force he could command, and then with a
violent and convulsive throe the straining muscles beneath him
relaxed and grew limp and the fight was won.

Through all the struggle he had been aware of the shouts of
voices, of trampling of feet and discharge of firearms, and the
thought came to him, even through his own danger, that the Yankee
was being assaulted by the pirates. As he felt the struggling
form beneath him loosen and dissolve into quietude, he leaped up,
and snatching his cutlass, which still lay upon the table, rushed
out upon the deck, leaving the stricken form lying twitching upon
the floor behind him.

It was a fortunate thing that he had set double watches and
prepared himself for some attack from the pirates, otherwise the
Yankee would certainly have been lost. As it was, the surprise
was so overwhelming that the pirates, who had been concealed in
the large whaleboat that had come alongside, were not only able
to gain a foothold upon the deck, but for a time it seemed as
though they would drive the crew of the brig below the hatches.

But as Mainwaring, streaming with blood, rushed out upon the
deck, the pirates became immediately aware that their own captain
must have been overpowered, and in an instant their desperate
energy began to evaporate. One or two jumped overboard; one, who
seemed to be the mate, fell dead from a pistol shot, and then, in
the turn of a hand, there was a rush of a retreat and a vision of
leaping forms in the dusky light of the lanthorns and a sound of
splashing in the water below.

The crew of the Yankee continued firing at the phosphorescent
wakes of the swimming bodies, but whether with effect it was
impossible at the time to tell.

IV

The pirate captain did not die immediately. He lingered for
three or four days, now and then unconscious, now and then
semi-conscious, but always deliriously wandering. All the while
he thus lay dying, the mulatto woman, with whom he lived in this
part of his extraordinary dual existence, nursed and cared for
him with such rude attentions as the surroundings afforded. In
the wanderings of his mind the same duality of life followed him.
Now and then he would appear the calm, sober, self- contained,
well-ordered member of a peaceful society that his friends in his
faraway home knew him to be; at other times the nether part of
his nature would leap up into life like a wild beast, furious and
gnashing. At the one time he talked evenly and clearly of
peaceful things; at the other time he blasphemed and hooted with
fury.

Several times Mainwaring, though racked by his own wounds, sat
beside the dying man through the silent watches of the tropical
nights. Oftentimes upon these occasions as he looked at the thin,
lean face babbling and talking so aimlessly, he wondered what it
all meant. Could it have been madness--madness in which the
separate entities of good and bad each had, in its turn, a
perfect and distinct existence? He chose to think that this was
the case. Who, within his inner consciousness, does not feel
that same ferine, savage man struggling against the stern,
adamantine bonds of morality and decorum? Were those bonds burst
asunder, as it was with this man, might not the wild beast rush
forth, as it had rushed forth in him, to rend and to tear? Such
were the questions that Mainwaring asked himself. And how had it
all come about? By what easy gradations had the respectable
Quaker skipper descended from the decorum of his home life, step
by step, into such a gulf of iniquity? Many such thoughts passed
through Mainwaring's mind, and he pondered them through the still
reaches of the tropical nights while he sat watching the pirate
captain struggle out of the world he had so long burdened. At
last the poor wretch died, and the earth was well quit of one of
its torments.

A systematic search was made through the island for the scattered
crew, but none was captured. Either there were some secret
hiding places upon the island (which was not very likely) or else
they had escaped in boats hidden somewhere among the tropical
foliage. At any rate they were gone.

Nor, search as he would, could Mainwaring find a trace of any of
the pirate treasure. After the pirate's death and under close
questioning, the weeping mulatto woman so far broke down as to
confess in broken English that Captain Scarfield had taken a
quantity of silver money aboard his vessel, but either she was
mistaken or else the pirates had taken it thence again and had
hidden it somewhere else.

Nor would the treasure ever have been found but for a most
fortuitous accident. Mainwaring had given orders that the Eliza
Cooper was to be burned, and a party was detailed to carry the
order into execution. At this the cook of the Yankee came
petitioning for some of the Wilmington and Brandywine flour to
make some plum duff upon the morrow, and Mainwaring granted his
request in so far that he ordered one of the men to knock open
one of the barrels of flour and to supply the cook's demands.

The crew detailed to execute this modest order in connection with
the destruction of the pirate vessel had not been gone a quarter
of an hour when word came back that the hidden treasure had been
found.

Mainwaring hurried aboard the Eliza Cooper, and there in the
midst of the open flour barrel he beheld a great quantity of
silver coin buried in and partly covered by the white meal. A
systematic search was now made. One by one the flour barrels
were heaved up from below and burst open on the deck and their
contents searched, and if nothing but the meal was found it was
swept overboard. The breeze was whitened with clouds of flour,
and the white meal covered the surface of the ocean for yards
around.

In all, upward of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars was
found concealed beneath the innocent flour and meal. It was no
wonder the pirate captain was so successful, when he could upon
an instant's notice transform himself from a wolf of the ocean to
a peaceful Quaker trader selling flour to the hungry towns and
settlements among the scattered islands of the West Indies, and
so carrying his bloody treasure safely into his quiet Northern home.

In concluding this part of the narrative it may be added that a
wide strip of canvas painted black was discovered in the hold of
the Eliza Cooper. Upon it, in great white letters, was painted
the name, "The Bloodhound." Undoubtedly this was used upon
occasions to cover the real and peaceful title of the trading schooner,
just as its captain had, in reverse, covered his sanguine and cruel life
by a thin sheet of morality and respectability.

This is the true story of the death of Capt. Jack Scarfield.

The Newburyport chap-book, of which I have already spoken, speaks
only of how the pirate disguised himself upon the ocean as a
Quaker trader.

Nor is it likely that anyone ever identified Eleazer Cooper with
the pirate, for only Mainwaring of all the crew of the Yankee was
exactly aware of the true identity of Captain Scarfield. All
that was ever known to the world was that Eleazer Cooper had been
killed in a fight with the pirates.

In a little less than a year Mainwaring was married to Lucinda
Fairbanks. As to Eleazer Cooper's fortune, which eventually came
into the possession of Mainwaring through his wife, it was many
times a subject of speculation to the lieutenant how it had been
earned. There were times when he felt well assured that a part of
it at least was the fruit of piracy, but it was entirely impossible
to guess how much more was the result of legitimate trading.

For a little time it seemed to Mainwaring that he should give it
all up, but this was at once so impracticable and so quixotic
that he presently abandoned it, and in time his qualms and
misdoubts faded away and he settled himself down to enjoy that
which had come to him through his marriage.

In time the Mainwarings removed to New York, and ultimately the
fortune that the pirate Scarfield had left behind him was used in
part to found the great shipping house of Mainwaring & Bigot,
whose famous transatlantic packet ships were in their time the
admiration of the whole world. 

Howard Pyle's Book of Pirates

Παρασκευή 28 Μαΐου 2010

Fluyt, Pirates Favour Target


A fluyt, fluit, or flute (Dutch pronunciation: [flœy̯t])[p] is a Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel. Originating from the Netherlands in the 16th century, the vessel was designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with the maximum of space and crew efficiency. The inexpensive ship — which could be built in large numbers[1] — usually carried 12 to 15 cannons, but was still a somewhat easy target for pirates. Nonetheless, the fluyt was a significant factor in the 17th century rise of the Dutch seaborne empire.[2]
[edit] Ship design

The standard fluyt design minimized or completely eliminated its armaments to maximize available cargo space, and used block and tackle extensively to facilitate ship operations. This ship class was credited in enhancing Dutch competitiveness in international trade, and was widely employed by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th and 18th centuries.[3] However, its usefulness caused the fluyt to gain such popularity that similar designs were soon developed by seagoing competitors of the Dutch.

The design of fluyts was largely similar to that of the early galleons. These ships typically weighed 200-300 tons and were approximately 80 feet in length (24.4 m). The pear-shaped vessel had a large cargo bay near the waterline and a relatively narrow deck above. In part, this design was a method used to avoid high taxes collected by Denmark in the Oresund, which was assessed based on area of the main deck. The fluyt was square rigged with two or three masts. Masts were much higher than those of galleons to allow for greater speed. At times fluyts were also armed and served as auxiliary vessels, which was a common practice in the Baltic Sea.

Ιωαννίτες Ιππότες, οι Κουρσάροι της Μεσογείου


Οι Ιωαννίτες Ιππότες, γνωστοί και ως Ανεξάρτητο Στρατιωτικό Τάγμα του Ξενώνα του Αγίου Ιωάννη της Ιερουσαλήμ της Ρόδου και της Μάλτας, Τάγμα του Αγίου Ιωάννη, Οσπιταλιέροι και Ιππότες της Μάλτας, (Γαλλικά  Ordre Des Hospitaliers), είναι Ιπποτικό Θρησκευτικό Τάγμα, που ξεκίνησε ως Αμαλφικό  νοσοκομείο στην Ιερουσαλήμ το 1080 για να παρέχει φροντίδα στους φτωχούς, άρρωστους ή τραυματισμένους προσκυνητές των Αγίων Τόπων. Μετά τη Χριστιανική εκστρατεία στην Ιερουσαλήμ το 1099, κατά την πρώτη Σταυροφορία, έγινε θρησκευτικό και πολεμικό τάγμα με δική του διοίκηση αναλαμβάνοντας την προστασία των Αγίων Τόπων. Μετά την ήττα και την εκδίωξη των Χριστιανικών δυνάμεων, το τάγμα συνέχισε τη δράση του αρχικά στη Ρόδο και μετέπειτα στη Μάλτα.

Όταν ο Ναπολέων κατέλαβε τη Μάλτα το 1798, οι Ιωαννίτες έπαψαν να έχουν εδάφη υπό την κατοχή τους και μεταφέρθηκαν στη Ρώμη, ως Ανεξάρτητο Ιπποτικό Τάγμα της Μάλτας.



Το 600μ.Χ.,ο αβάς Πρόβος διατάχθηκε από τον Πάπα Γρηγόριο τον Α' να χτίσει ένα νοσοκομείο στην Ιερουσαλήμ για να φροντίζει τους Χριστιανούς προσκυνητές των Αγίων Τόπων.Το 800μ.Χ. ο Καρλομάγνος, Αυτοκράτορας της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας επεξέτεινε το νοσοκομείο του Πρόβου και πρόσθεσε μία βιβλιοθήκη σε αυτό. Περίπου 200 χρόνια αργότερα ο χαλίφης Άλ Χακίμ κατέστρεψε το νοσοκομείο μαζί με άλλα 3.000 κτίρια της Ιερουσαλήμ. Το 1023 έμποροι από το Αμάλφι και το Σαλέρνο πήραν άδεια από τον χαλίφη Αλ-Ζαχίρ της Αιγύπτου να ξαναχτίσουν το νοσοκομείο στην Ιερουσαλήμ. Το νέο νοσοκομείο χτίστηκε στο σημείο που βρισκόταν το μοναστήρι του Αγίου Ιωάννη του Βαπτιστή και λειτουργούσε από Βενεδικτίνους μοναχούς.

Το μοναστικό τάγμα ιδρύθηκε αμέσως μετά την Α' Σταυροφορία από τον Γεράρδο (γνωστό ως ο "Ευλογημένος"), του οποίου ο ιδρυτικός ρόλος επικυρώθηκε με Παπική Βούλα του πάπα Πασκάλ του Β' το 1113. Στον Γεράρδο δόθηκαν περιοχές και οικονομική βοήθεια για το τάγμα του στο Βασίλειο της Ιερουσαλήμ. Ο διάδοχος του, Ραϋμόνδος ντε Πονί της Προβηγκίας, εγκατέστησε το πρώτο σημαντικό νοσοκομείο των Ιπποτών του Ξενώνα κοντά στον Ναό της Αναστάσεως της Ιερουσαλήμ. Αρχικά, το τάγμα περιέθαλπτε προσκυνητές, αλλά σύντομα ήταν σε θέση να παρέχει ένοπλη συνοδεία η οποία αργότερα εξελίχθηκε σε υπολογίσιμη δύναμη.

Οι Ιωαννίτες και οι Ιππότες του Ναού (Ναΐτες) (οι οποίοι συστάθηκαν το 1119), έγιναν τα πιο ισχυρά χριστιανικά τάγματα της περιοχής και κατάφεραν να διακριθούν σε αρκετές μάχες εναντίον των Μουσουλμάνων. Χαρακτηριστικός του τάγματος ήταν ο μαύρος μανδύας με τον άσπρο σταυρό, σε αντίθεση με τον άσπρο μανδύα και τον κόκκινο σταυρό των Ιπποτών του Ναού. Έμβλημά τους ήταν το γεράκι.



Στα μέσα του 12ου αιώνα το τάγμα χωρίστηκε σε ένα πολεμικό τμήμα και ένα τμήμα που ασχολούνταν με την περίθαλψη των ασθενών και των τραυματισμένων. Ήταν, παράλληλα, και ένα θρησκευτικό τάγμα, στο οποίο είχαν δοθεί προνόμια από την παπική Έδρα. Για παράδειγμα, το τάγμα δεν αναγνώριζε κανενός είδους εξουσία πέρα (φυσικά) από την παπική, δεν πλήρωνε τον φόρο της δεκάτης και του επιτρεπόταν να διατηρεί δικά του θρησκευτικά κτίρια. Πολλά από τα πιο σημαντικά αμυντικά έργα (κάστρα κυρίως) των Αγίων Τόπων κτίστηκαν από τους Ιωαννίτες και τους Ιππότες του Ναού. Στην ακμή του Βασιλείου της Ιερουσαλήμ οι Ιωαννίτες είχαν 7 οχυρά και 140 διάφορα άλλα κτήματα στην ευρύτερη περιοχή. Τα δύο μεγαλύτερα από αυτά, οι βάσεις της δύναμης τους στο Βασίλειο της Ιερουσαλήμ και στο Πριγκιπάτο της Αντιόχειας, ήταν το Κρακ των Ιπποτών και το Μαργκάτ. Η περιουσία του Τάγματος χωριζόταν σε "κοινόβια"(μοναστήρια), τα οποία διαιρούνταν σε "δικαιοδοσίες", που με τη σειρά τους χωριζόταν σε "ταξιαρχίες". Ο Φρειδερίκος Βαρβαρόσσα της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας, ανέλαβε την προστασία του τάγματος σε ένα καταστατικό προνομίων που εξέδωσε το 1185. Οι Ιωαννίτες προέρχονταν από όλη την Ευρώπη αλλά κυρίως από την Γαλλία όπως και οι Ναΐτες. Οι Ιωαννίτες είχαν το ισχυρότερο ιππικό και η έδρα τους ήταν όλη η Ευρώπη και, βεβαίως, το Πριγκιπάτο της Αντιόχειας.

Η ακμάζουσα δύναμη του Ισλάμ κατάφερε, τελικά, να απωθήσει τους Ιππότες από την Ιερουσαλήμ. Μετά την πτώση του Βασιλείου της Ιερουσαλήμ (η ίδια η πόλη "έπεσε" το 1187), οι Ιωαννίτες περιορίστηκαν στην Κομητεία της Τρίπολης, και όταν η Άκκρα καταλήφθηκε το 1291 το τάγμα βρήκε καταφύγιο στο Βασίλειο της Κύπρου. Έχοντας αναμειχθεί με αρνητικές για το τάγμα συνέπειες στην πολιτική κατάσταση της Κύπρου, ο μάγιστρος Γκιγιόμ ντε Βιγιορέτ κατέστρωσε σχέδια απόκτησης ενός δικού τους χώρου κυριαρχίας,επιλέγοντας τη Ρόδο για νέο τους "σπίτι".Ο διάδοχος του Φούλκ ντε Βιγιορέτ εκτέλεσε το σχέδιο και, στις 15 Αυγούστου του 1309, μετά από δύο χρόνια εκστρατείας, το νησί της Ρόδου παραδόθηκε στους Ιωαννίτες. Επίσης απέκτησαν τον έλεγχο ενός αριθμού από μικρότερα γειτονικά νησιά καθώς και των Μικρασιατικών λιμανιών της Αλικαρνασσού και του Καστελόριζου.

Οι Ιππότες του Ναού διαλύθηκαν το 1312 και μεγάλο μέρος της περιουσίας τους δόθηκε στους Ιωαννίτες. Τα νέα "αποκτήματα" οργανώθηκαν σε 8 "Γλώσσες" (διοικητικές περιφέρειες του Τάγματος), οι οποίες βρίσκονταν σε 8 διαφορετικές περιοχές (Αραγονία, Αρβέρνη, Καστίλη, Αγγλία, Γαλλία, Γερμανία, Ιταλία και Προβηγκία. Καθεμιά διοικούνταν από έναν "Ηγούμενο" (Prior) ή, εάν υπήρχαν περισσότερα από ένα "κοινόβια" στην διοικητική περιφέρεια, από έναν Μεγάλο Ηγούμενο (Grand Prior).

Στη Ρόδο οι Ιωαννίτες, αναφερόμενοι τότε και ως "Ιππότες της Ρόδου" αναγκάστηκαν να γίνουν μια πιο εξεζητημένη στρατιωτική δύναμη, μαχόμενοι κυρίως ενάντια σε Τούρκους πειρατές. Αντιστάθηκαν σε δύο εισβολές, μία από τον Σουλτάνο της Αιγύπτου το 1444 και άλλη μία από τον Σουλτάνο Μωάμεθ τον Β', ο οποίος, μετά την κατάληψη της Κωνσταντινούπολης, είχε θέσει τους Ιωαννίτες ως στόχο "πρώτης προτεραιότητας".

Το 1494 οι Ιωαννίτες κατασκεύασαν οχυρωματικά έργα στην χερσόνησο της Αλικαρνασσού, χρησιμοποιώντας κομμάτια από το (μερικώς) κατεστραμμένο Μαυσωλείο της Αλικαρνασσού (ένα από τα επτά θαύματα του Αρχαίου Κόσμου).

Το 1522 μία νέου είδους και μεγέθους δύναμη "κατέφθασε" : 400 πλοία υπό την διοίκηση του Σουλεϊμάν του Μεγαλοπρεπούς,μετέφεραν 200.000 στρατιώτες στο νησί. Ενάντια σε αυτή τη δύναμη οι Ιωαννίτες, υπό τον μάγιστρο Φίλιππο Βιγιέρς, είχαν 7.000 άνδρες και τα οχυρωματικά τους έργα. Η πολιορκία διήρκεσε 6 μήνες, στο τέλος της οποίας επετράπη στους εναπομείναντες νικημένους Ιωαννίτες να αποσυρθούν στη Δύση. Μετά από αυτή την ήττα στην ξηρά, οι Ιωαννίτες άρχισαν να εγκαταλείπουν σταδιακά τις παλιές τακτικές του ιππικού, αναλογιζόμενοι την υπεροχή του εχθρού τους στην ξηρά και αντιλαμβανόμενοι ότι ήταν πιο ευάλωτος στη θάλασσα.

Έτσι, την 1η Ιανουαρίου, στόλος 50 σκαφών απέπλευσε από το λιμάνι της Ρόδου έχοντας άγνωστη κατεύθυνση. Σε αυτόν επέβαιναν τα υπολείμματα των Ιωαννιτών καθώς και 4.000 Ρόδιοι, που προτίμησαν να τους ακολουθήσουν, όλοι σε πολύ άσχημη κατάσταση λόγω της εξάμηνης πολιορκίας. Ο στόλος συγκεντρώθηκε στη Μεσσήνη της Σικελίας και στους Ιππότες δόθηκε ως προσωρινή κατοικία το Βιτέρμπο. Συνεπώς, ο Μάγιστρος του τάγματος είχε πολλά προβλήματα να αντιμετωπίσει για να αποτρέψει τη διάλυση του τάγματος. Στα προβλήματα ήρθε να προστεθεί ο πόλεμος μεταξύ Γαλλίας και Ισπανίας, ο οποίος έσπειρε τη διχόνοια στο τάγμα καθώς τα περισσότερα μέλη του ήταν Γάλλοι και Ισπανοί.

Τελικά, μετά από συνολικά 7 χρόνια μετακίνησης, το 1530, και μετά από πολλές διαπραγματεύσεις κατά τις οποίες ο μάγιστρος του Τάγματος αποδείχθηκε εξαίρετος διπλωμάτης, τους παραχωρήθηκε από τον Πάπα και τον Βασιλιά της Ισπανίας(ως βασιλιάς και της Σικελίας) η Μάλτα μαζί με το Γκόζο και το Βορειοαφρικανικό λιμάνι της Τρίπολης. Για τις παραπάνω κτήσεις οι Ιωαννίτες απέδιδαν ετήσιο φόρο (την ημέρα του Ψυχοσαββάτου, συγκεκριμένα) στον Βικάριο (τοποτηρητή) του βασιλιά Φιλίππου Β.

Η Μάλτα αποτελούσε σημαντικό προπύργιο της Ευρώπης, έχοντας τεράστια στρατηγική σημασία δεδομένης της κατάστασης στη Μεσόγειο. Παράλληλα η Μάλτα αποτελούσε για αιώνες το σταυροδρόμι του δουλεμπορίου στη Δυτική Ευρώπη, αφού οι αιχμαλωτισμένοι Μουσουλμάνοι(αλλά και όποιος Αφρικανός έπεφτε στα χέρια των Ιωαννιτών) πωλούνταν ως δούλοι. Οι Ιωαννίτες συνέχισαν τη δράση τους εναντίον των Μουσουλμάνων, και παρά το μικρό αριθμό αριθμό πλοίων που διέθεταν κατάφεραν να προξενήσουν απώλειες στους Οθωμανούς, οι οποίοι δυσαρεστήθηκαν βλέποντας το τάγμα ξανά σε δράση.

Το 1565 ο Σουλεϊμάν έστειλε δύναμη 40.000 περίπου ανδρών να πολιορκήσει δύναμη 700 Ιπποτών και 8.000 στρατιωτών και να καταλάβει τη Μάλτα. Στην αρχή, η μάχη εξελισσόταν όπως η μάχη της Ρόδου : οι περισσότερες πόλεις καταστράφηκαν και σχεδόν οι μισοί ιππότες σκοτώθηκαν. Στις 18 Αυγούστου η κατάσταση των πολιορκημένων ήταν πλέον απελπιστική και, καθώς ο αριθμός τους λιγόστευε καθημερινά, γινόταν όλο και πιο δύσκολο να επανδρώνουν τη μακριά γραμμή οχυρώσεων. Παρόλα αυτά, όταν το συμβούλιο του μάγιστρου Ζαν Παρσό Ντε Λα Βαλέτα πρότεινε την εγκατάλειψη του Μπιργκό και της Σέγκλης και την απόσυρση στο οχυρό Σαντ' Άντζελο, αυτός αρνήθηκε.

Ο Βικάριος δεν είχε στείλει βοήθεια. Πιθανώς οι διαταγές που έδωσε ο Φίλιππος Β' της Ισπανίας δεν ήταν αρκετά σαφείς κ έτσι την ευθύνη του αν θα έπρεπε να σταλεί βοήθεια ή όχι θα έπρεπε να την επωμιστεί ο Βικάριος. Μία λάθος κίνηση θα έφερνε την ήττα, κάτι που σημαίνει ότι η Σικελία και η Νάπολη θα ήταν ευάλωτες από τους Οθωμανούς. Ο γιος του Βικάριου πολεμούσε στο πλευρό του Μάγιστρου οπότε ο ίδιος δεν μπορούσε να αδιαφορήσει για την έκβαση της μάχης. Οποιαδήποτε κι αν ήταν τα αίτια της καθυστέρησής του, ο Βικάριος δεν επενέβη παρά μόνο όταν η μάχη είχε πλέον κριθεί απο τις αβοήθητες δυνάμεις των Ιπποτών, αναλογιζόμενος και την αγανάκτηση των αξιωματικών του.

Στις 23 Αυγούστου εκδηλώθηκε άλλη μια μεγάλη επίθεση, η τελευταία μεγάλη προσπάθεια, όπως αποδείχθηκε, από την πλευρά των πολιορκητών. Η επίθεση απωθήθηκε με μεγάλη δυσκολία από τους Ιωαννίτες, ενώ στην άμυνα πήραν μέρος ακόμη και οι τραυματίες. Από εδώ και πέρα όμως ήταν η σειρά των Οθωμανών να βρεθούν σε δύσκολη θέση, καθώς,με εξαίρεση το οχυρό Άγιος Έλμος, όλες οι οχυρώσεις των Ιπποτών είχαν μείνει άθικτες από τις τελευταίες επιθέσεις. Η φρουρά, δουλεύοντας μέρα και νύχτα, επισκεύαζε τα ρήγματα και η κατάληψη της Μάλτας έμοιαζε όλο και πιο αδύνατη, ενώ τους καλοκαιρινούς μήνες διάφορες αρρώστιες έκαναν την εμφάνισή τους στο στρατόπεδο των πολιορκητών. Τα πυρομαχικά και οι τροφές τους τελείωναν, ενώ το ηθικό τους έπεφτε κατακόρυφα από τις αποτυχίες και τις μεγάλες απώλειες. Επίσης,ο θάνατος του Οθωμανού ναυάρχου Τουργκούτ Ρείς που ήταν ικανότατος διοικητής, στις 23 Ιουνίου αποτέλεσε σοβαρό πλήγμα στο ήδη πεσμένο ηθικό των πολιορκητών, ενώ οι Οθωμανοί διοικητές Πιγιαλέ πασάς και Μουσταφά πασάς ήταν αδιάφοροι. Είχαν στη διάθεσή τους ένα τεράστιο στόλο τον οποίο κατάφεραν να χρησιμοποιήσουν επιτυχώς μόνο μία φορά.Παραμελούσαν την επικοινωνία με την Αφρικανική ακτή και δεν έκαναν καμία προσπάθεια να σταματήσουν τυχόν Σικελικές ενισχύσεις, εγκαθιστώντας φρουρές.

Την 1η Σεπτεμβρίου οι Οθωμανοί έκαναν την τελευταία τους προσπάθεια η οποία ήταν σχετικά αδύναμη επίθεση, εξ αιτίας του χαμηλού ηθικού. Τα παραπάνω γεγονότα ενθάρρυναν τους Ιππότες οι οποίοι έβλεπαν επιτέλους πιθανότητες νίκης. Οι μπερδεμένοι και αναποφάσιστοι Τούρκοι διοικητές πληροφορήθηκαν την άφιξη Σικελικών ενισχύσεων και μη ξέροντας πως επρόκειτο για μία μικρή δύναμη, έλυσαν την πολιορκία και αποχώρησαν από τη Μάλτα στις 8 Σεπτεμβρίου. Η πολιορκία της Μάλτας υπήρξε η τελευταία φορά στην ιστορία που δύναμη ιπποτών κέρδισε μια αποφασιστική μάχη.

Όταν οι Οθωμανοί έφυγαν, οι Ιωαννίτες είχαν 600 άνδρες ικανούς να φέρουν όπλα. Η πιο βάσιμη εκτίμηση τοποθετεί τον αριθμό των πολιορκητών γύρω στους 40.000 άνδρες από τους οποίους μόνο οι 15.000 επέστρεψαν στην Κωνσταντινούπολη. Η πολιορκία της Μάλτας φιλοτεχνήθηκε από αρκετούς καλλιτέχνες της εποχής, οι οποίοι την αποτύπωσαν σε διάφορα έργα τέχνης. Μετά την πολιορκία, μιά νέα πόλη έπρεπε να κτιστεί, η οποία ονομάστηκε Humilissima Civitas Valletta (Βαλέτα, η ταπεινοτάτη των πόλεων), προς τιμή του μαγίστρου Ντε Λα Βαλέτα ο οποίος άντεξε την πολιορκία. Είναι η σημερινή πρωτεύουσα της Μάλτας. Το 1607 δόθηκε στον μάγιστρο των Ιωαννιτών ο τίτλος του πρίγκιπας της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας, παρόλο που οι κτίσεις του τάγματος ήταν πάντα νότια της αυτοκρατορίας. Το 1630 δόθηκε στον μάγιστρο εκκλησιαστική ισότητα με τους καρδινάλιους καθώς και ο τίτλος "η πιο διαπρεπής Μεγαλειότης του".

Μετά τη χριστιανική νίκη εναντίον του Οθωμανικού στόλου στη ναυμαχία της Ναυπάκτου το 1571, οι Ιππότες συνέχισαν τις επιθέσεις σε πειρατικά και μουσουλμανικά πλοία ενώ το νησί τους παρέμεινε σταυροδρόμι του εμπορίου σκλάβων μέχρι το τέλος του 18ου αιώνα, πουλώντας αιχμαλωτισμένους Αφρικανούς και Τούρκους και ελευθερώνοντας Χριστιανούς σκλάβους .


Το Τάγμα έχασε πολλές από τις κτήσεις του στην Ευρώπη με την επέκταση του Προτεσταντισμού και την εμφάνιση άλλων αιρέσεων,αλλά επέζησε στη Μάλτα.Η περιουσία του Αγγλικού "παρακλαδιού" του τάγματος δημεύθηκε το 1540,ενώ το 1577 το Γερμανικό παρακλάδι ασπάστηκε τον Λουθηρανισμό,αλλά συνέχισε να πληρώνει τις οικονομικές του εισφορές στο τάγμα, έως ότου ανασυστάθηκε, ως Πρωσικό Τάγμα των Ιωαννιτών, το 1852.

Το 1789, η Γαλλική Επανάσταση, με τον έντονο αντικληρικισμό και αντιαριστοκρατισμό που τη διέκρινε, ανάγκασε πολλούς Γάλλους ιππότες να εγκαταλείψουν τη Γαλλία.Συνεπώς,πολλές από τις "παραδοσιακές" πηγές εισοδήματος του Τάγματος χάθηκαν για πάντα.

Οι Ιππότες της Μάλτας είχαν ισχυρή παρουσία στις τάξεις του Αυτοκρατορικού Ρωσικού Ναυτικού και του προεπαναστατικού Γαλλικού Ναυτικού.Όταν ο Ντε Πουανσί (διακεκριμένος Ιωαννίτης Ιππότης) διορίσθηκε κυβερνήτης του Σαιντ Κιτς το 1639 έντυσε την ακολουθία του με τα εμβλήματα και τους θυρεούς του τάγματος.Η παρουσία των Ιωαννιτών στην Καραϊβική οφειλόταν κατά μεγάλο βαθμό στις ενέργειες του μέχρι το θάνατο του το 1660. Ο ίδιος επίσης αγόρασε το νησί του Σαιντ Κρουά ως προσωπικό κτήμα,και το μεταβίβασε στους Ιππότες. Το 1665 το Σαιντ Κρουά αγοράστηκε από την Γαλλική Εταιρεία Δυτικών Ινδιών, τερματίζοντας την παρουσία του τάγματος στην Καραϊβική.

Το Μεσογειακό οχυρό της Μάλτας καταλήφθηκε με ένα τέχνασμα από τον Ναπολέων το 1798 κατά τη διάρκεια της εκστρατείας του στην Αίγυπτο. Ο Ναπολέων,με την πρόφαση ότι έψαχνε ασφαλές λιμάνι για τον ανεφοδιασμό των πλοίων του,αφού εισχώρησε με ασφάλεια στη Βαλέτα "στράφηκε" ενάντια στους οικοδεσπότες του. Ο μάγιστρος Φερδινάνδος φον Χόμπες του Μπόλχαιμ δεν ήταν σε θέση να προβλέψει ή να σταματήσει μια τέτοια κίνηση και γρήγορα υπέκυψε στον Ναπολέοντα, υποστηρίζοντας ότι το παπικό καταστατικό του Τάγματος απαγόρευε στους Ιωαννίτες να μάχονται ενάντια σε άλλους Χριστιανούς.Το 1799, ταπεινωμένος και υπό την πίεση του Αυστριακού Στέμματος παραιτήθηκε του αξιώματος του.

Οι Ιππότες της Μάλτας ήταν τώρα διασκορπισμένοι,αλλά το τάγμα συνέχισε να υφίσταται σε μικρότερη κλίμακα και να διαπραγματεύεται με τις κυβερνήσεις της Ευρώπης για να επεκταθούν ξανά.Ο Ρώσος αυτοκράτορας Παύλος ο Α',πρόσφερε καταφύγιο στους περισσότερους Ιππότες στην Αγία Πετρούπολη,μια πράξη που αποτέλεσε αφετηρία για την Ρωσική Παράδοση των Ιπποτών του Ξενώνα καθώς και για την αναγνώριση του Τάγματος ανάμεσα στα υπόλοιπα Ρωσικά τάγματα.Οι εγκατεστημένοι στην Αγία Πετρούπολη ιππότες,εξέλεξαν τον Τσάρο Παύλο ως Μέγα Μάγιστρο(μετά την παραίτηση του φον Χόμπες). Ως μάγιστρος ο Παύλος δημιούργησε, πέρα από το ΡωμαιοΚαθολικό κοινόβιο,το "Μεγάλο Ρωσικό Κοινόβιο", το οποίο "μετρούσε" 118 ταξιαρχίες/περιφέρειες με "τάξεις" ανοιχτές σε όλους τους Χριστιανούς, επισκιάζοντας το υπόλοιπο τάγμα.Η εκλογή του Παύλου παρόλα αυτά ποτέ δεν επικυρώθηκε από το Βατικανό και συνεπώς παρέμεινε "de facto"και όχι "de jure" Μάγιστρος του Τάγματος.

Στην αρχή του 19ου αιώνα, το τάγμα είχε πλέον αποδυναμωθεί σοβαρά λόγω της απώλειας των κτήσεων σε όλη την Ευρώπη.Μόλις το 10% του εισοδήματος του τάγματος προερχόταν πλέον από πηγές εντός της Ευρώπης, με το υπόλοιπο 90% να προέρχεται από το "Μεγάλο Ρωσικό Κοινόβιο" μέχρι το 1810. Αυτό αντικατοπτριζόταν στο γεγονός ότι από το 1805 ως το 1879 το τάγμα διοικούνταν από Ρώσους Υπολοχαγούς παρά μάγιστρους, μέχρι τον διορισμό από τον πάπα Λέοντα τον ΙΓ' ενός νέου μάγιστρου στο τάγμα. Από αυτό το σημείο και μετά, το τάγμα μετατράπηκε σε ανθρωπιστικό και θρησκευτικό οργανισμό. Η ιατρική περίθαλψη, η αυθεντική "αποστολή" του Τάγματος, ήταν και πάλι η κύρια ασχολία του. Οι ιατρικές και φιλανθρωπικές δραστηριότητες του Τάγματος, που αναπτύχθηκαν σε μεγάλη κλίμακα κατά τον Α΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο, εντατικοποιήθηκαν και επεκτάθηκαν κατά τον Β' Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο υπό τον μάγιστρο Φρα Λουδοβίκο Τσίγκι ντε λα Ροβέρε Αλμπάνι(1931-1951).

Το Τάγμα πρόσφατα εγκατέστησε ένα παράρτημα στη Μάλτα, μετά την υπογραφή ενός σχετικού συμβολαίου με την εκεί κυβέρνηση, με το οποίο του παραχωρήθηκε η αποκλειστική χρήση του οχυρού Σαντ' Άντζελο για 99 χρόνια. Σήμερα, μετά την αναστήλωσή του,το οχυρό φιλοξενεί ιστορικές και πολιτιστικές δραστηριότητες, που σχετίζονται με το Τάγμα της Μάλτας.

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